Both the discrimination impairment and the increase in response time are compatible with the hypothesis that the recognition of an inverted, manipulated face requires that featural and configural cues are rotated mentally to a retinal upright orientation, overtaxing the capacity of the underlying mechanisms (Lobmaier & Mast, 2007 Rock, 1988). For instance, when a digitally edited photograph of a face is presented upside down relative to the observer, the ability to detect gross distortions and abnormalities is strongly impaired and the responses are slowed down (Lobmaier & Mast, 2007 Thompson, 1980), mainly because of a deficit in coding configural information (Freire, Lee, & Symons, 2000). Thus, recognition of scenes, people, and actions tends to be faster and more accurate when they are aligned with the observer, whether both the scene and the observer are upright or they are both tilted (e.g., Chang, Harris, & Troje, 2010 Dyde, Jenkin, & Harris, 2006 Epstein, Higgins, Parker, Aguirre, & Cooperman, 2006 Köhler, 1940 Kushiro, Taga, & Watanabe, 2007 McMullen & Jolicoeur, 1992 Reed, Stone, Bozova, & Tanaka, 2003 Rock, 1988 Troje, 2003 Yin, 1969). Most studies dealing with the role of different reference frames have concentrated on perceptual discrimination tasks. These results show that the combined influence of visible gravity and structural visual cues can outweigh both physical gravity and viewer-centered cues, leading to rely instead on the congruence of the apparent physical forces acting on people and objects in the scene. This was so independent of the hitter type and when performance feedback to the participants was either available ( Experiment 1) or unavailable ( Experiment 2). We found that interception was significantly more successful when scene direction was concordant with target gravity direction, irrespective of whether both were upright or inverted. A factorial design assessed the effects of scene orientation (normal or inverted) and target gravity (normal or inverted). Participants pressed a button triggering a hitter to intercept a target accelerated by a virtual gravity. Here, we manipulated the alignment of visible gravity and structural visual cues between each other and relative to the orientation of the observer and physical gravity. Among the cues that are critical for defining object orientation, the visible influence of gravity on the object's motion has received limited attention. Dealing with upside-down objects is difficult and takes time.
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